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{{Infobox Province or territory of Canada| Name = Northwest Territories| AlternateName =
Territoires du Nord-Ouest| Fullname = Northwest Territories| EntityAdjective = Territorial| Flag = Flag of the Northwest Territories.svg| CoatOfArms = Coat of arms of Northwest Territories.png| Map = Northwest Territories-map.png| Label_map = no| Motto = none| OfficialLang =
Dene Suline language, Cree language,
English language,
French language, Gwich’in language, Inuinnaqtun,
Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun,
Slavey language,
Slavey language,
Dogrib language Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988 (as amended 1988, 1991-1992, 2003)| Flower =
Dryas octopetala| Tree = Tamarack Larch| Capital = [Yellowknife, Northwest Territories| LargestCity = Yellowknife| Premier = Floyd Roland, no party affiliations| Viceroy = [Tony Whitford| AreaRank = 3rd| area_footnotes = Canada Census 2006| TotalArea_km2 = 1346106| LandArea_km2 = 1140835| WaterArea_km2 = 205271| PercentWater = 15.2| PopulationRank = 11th| Population = 42,637 (est.)| PopulationYear = 2007| DensityRank = 12th| Density_km2 = 0.037| GDP_year = 2006| GDP_total = C$4.103 billion Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory| GDP_rank = 11th| GDP_per_capita = C$97,923| GDP_per_capita_rank = 1st| AdmittanceOrder = 5th| AdmittanceDate = [1870 (Hudson's Bay Company cedes territory to Canada)]-7| HouseSeats = 1| SenateSeats = 1| ISOCode = CA-NT| Website = www.gov.nt.ca-->The
Northwest Territories (IPA: /IPA chart for English/) (
NWT or
NT;
French language,
les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a
provinces and territories of Canada of Canada.
Located in
northern Canada, it is east of
Yukon, west of
Nunavut (Canada's two other territories), and north of
British Columbia,
Alberta, and Saskatchewan. It has an area of and a population of 41,464 as of the Canada 2006 Census, an increase of 11.0% from 2001. Its capital has been
Yellowknife, Northwest Territories since 1967.
Geographical features include the vast Great Bear Lake and
Great Slave Lakes, as well as the immense
Mackenzie River and the canyons of the
Nahanni National Park, a
Canadian National Parks and
UNESCO World Heritage Site. Territorial islands in the Canadian Arctic islands include Banks Island, Parry Peninsula, Prince Patrick Island, and parts of
Victoria Island and Melville Island, Canada. The highest point is
Mount Nirvana near the border with
Yukon at elevation 2,773 metres (9,098 ft).
History
The present-day territory was created in June 1870 in Canada, when the Hudson's Bay Company transferred Rupert's Land and
North-Western Territory to the government of Canada. This immense region comprised all of modern Canada except British Columbia, the coast of the
Great Lakes (North America), the
Saint Lawrence River valley and the southern third of
Quebec, the Maritimes,
Newfoundland (island), and the
Labrador coast. It also excluded the Canadian Arctic islands except the southern half of Baffin Island; these remained under direct British rule until 1880.
The name of the territory is traced to North-Western Territory, a region named for the geographical location relative to Rupert's Land.
After the transfer, the territories were gradually whittled away. The province of Manitoba was created on
15 July 1870, a tiny square around Winnipeg, and then enlarged in 1881 to a rectangular region composing the modern province's south. By the time
British Columbia joined confederation on
20 July 1871, it had already (1866) been granted the portion of North-Western Territory south of 60 degrees north and west of 120 degrees west, an area that had comprised most of the
Stikine Territory. In 1882,
Regina, Saskatchewan in the then-District of Assiniboia became the territorial capital; after Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905, Regina became the provincial capital of the new province of Saskatchewan.
In 1876, the District of Keewatin, at the centre of the territory, was separated from it. In 1882 and again in 1896, the remaining portion was divided into the following districts (corresponding to the following modern-day areas):
- District of Alberta (southern Alberta);
- District of Assiniboia (southern Saskatchewan);
- District of Athabaska (northern Alberta and Saskatchewan);
- District of Franklin (the Canadian Arctic islands and Boothia Peninsula and Melville Peninsulas);
- District of Mackenzie (mainland NWT and western Nunavut);
- District of Saskatchewan (central Saskatchewan);
- District of Ungava (modern-day northern Quebec and inland Labrador, as well as an offshore area in Hudson Bay);
- Yukon Territory (modern Yukon Territory).
Keewatin would be returned to NWT in
1905.
In the meantime, Ontario was enlarged northwestward in 1882. Quebec was also extended, in 1898, and
Yukon was made a separate territory in the same year to deal with the Klondike Gold Rush, and remove the NWT government from administering the sudden boom of population, economic activity and influx of non-Canadians.
The provinces of
Alberta and
Saskatchewan were created in
1905, and Manitoba,
Ontario, and Quebec acquired the last of their modern territories from NWT in
1912. This left only the districts of Mackenzie, Franklin (which absorbed the remnants of Ungava in 1920), and Keewatin. In 1925, the boundaries of NWT were extended all the way to the
North Pole on the sector principle, vastly expanding its territory onto the northern ice cap. The reduced Northwest Territories was not represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1907 until 1947 when the electoral district of Yukon—Mackenzie River was created. This riding only included the District of Mackenzie. The rest of the Northwest Territories had no representation in the House of Commons until the early 1960s when the
Northwest Territories (electoral district) was created in recognition of
Inuit having been given the
enfranchisement in
1953.
In 1912 the Government of Canada renamed the territory to Northwest Territories, dropping the
hyphenated form. Between 1925 and 1999, Northwest Territories measured – larger than
India.Finally, on
April 1, 1999, the eastern three-fifths of Northwest Territories (including all of Keewatin district and much of Mackenzie and Franklin) became a separate territory called
Nunavut.
There was some discussion of changing the name of Northwest Territories after the separation of Nunavut, possibly to a term from an Aboriginal language. One proposal was "Denendeh" ("our land" in
Dene). The idea was advocated by former premier Stephen Kakfwi among others. Also, a popular radio station began to promote changing the territory's name to "Bob". This idea appeared to have some popular support, but was never taken seriously by politicians (or probably even those who claimed to support it). In the end, as a poll conducted prior to division showed, strong support remained for retaining the name "Northwest Territories". This name arguably became more appropriate following division, than it was when the territory extended far into Canada's north
east. In Inuktitut, Northwest Territories are referred to as ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᖅ (
Nunatsiaq), "beautiful land."
Government
As a territory, Northwest Territories has fewer rights than the Provinces of Canada. During his term, Premier Kakfwi pushed to have the federal government accord more rights to the territory, including having a greater share of the returns from the territory's natural resources go to the territory. Devolution of powers to the territory was an issue in the Northwest Territories general election, 2003 in 2003, and has been ever since the territory began electing members in 1881.
The
Commissioner of NWT is the chief executive and is appointed by the Governor-in-Council of Canada on the recommendation of the federal Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (Canada). The position used to be more administrative and governmental but with the devolution of more and more powers to the elected assembly since 1967 the position has become symbolic. Since 1985 the Commissioner no longer chairs meetings of the Executive Council (or cabinet) and the federal government has instructed commissioners to behave like a provincial
lieutenant-governor. Unlike lieutenant-governors, the commissioner is not a formal representative of the
Queen of Canada.
Unlike provincial governments and the
Yukon, the Government of Northwest Territories does not have political parties, except for the period between 1898 and 1905. It is a consensus government called the Legislative Assembly. This group is composed of one member elected from each of the nineteen constituencies. After each general election, the new parliament elects a premier and speaker by secret ballot. Seven MLAs are also chosen as cabinet ministers, with the remainder forming the opposition. The territory's
Northwest Territories general election, 2007 was on October 1, 2007. The head of state for the territories is a
List of Northwest Territories commissioners appointed by the federal government. The Commissioner had full governmental powers until 1980 when the territories were given greater self government. The legislature then began electing a cabinet and
Government Leader later known as the Premier.
The Premier of Northwest Territories is Floyd Roland. The member of Parliament for
Western Arctic, the riding that comprises Northwest Territories, is
Dennis Bevington. The
Commissioner of Northwest Territories is
Tony Whitford.
Economy
The territory enjoys vast geological resources including diamonds, gold, and natural gas. In particular, NWT diamonds are touted as an ethical alternative that allays risks of supporting conflicts by purchasing blood diamonds. However, their exploitation has raised environmental concerns, not least the potential havoc that a spill from tailings ponds could cause to unspoiled wilderness areas.
The vast natural resources and relatively low population give Northwest Territories the highest per capita GDP of all provinces or territorites in Canada. In fact, its per capita GDP of C$97,923 would rank it first in the world if it were considered as its own country, well ahead of 2nd place Luxembourg (at approximately C$83,000 (nominal GDP)).
Major Territorial Mines
- Con Mine - 1938-2003 (gold)
- Giant Mine - 1948-2004 (gold)
- Ptarmigan and Tom Mine - 1941-1942, 1986-1997 (gold)
- Negus Mine - 1939-1952 (gold)
- Thompson-Lundmark Mine - 1941-1943, 1947-1949 (gold)
- Discovery Mine - 1950-1969 (gold)
- Camlaren Mine - 1962-1963, 1980-1981 (gold)
- Eldorado Mine - 1933-1940, 1942-1960, 1976-1982 (radium, uranium, silver, copper)
- Echo Bay Mine - 1964-1975 (silver and copper)
- Ekati Diamond Mine - 1998-current (diamonds)
- Diavik Diamond Mine - 2003-current (diamonds)
- Pine Point Mine - 1964-1988 (lead and zinc)
- Cantung Mine - 1962-1986, 2002-2003, 2005-current (tungsten)
- Rayrock Mine - 1957-1959 (uranium)
- Terra Mine - 1969-1985 (silver and copper)
- Tundra Mine - 1964-1968 (gold)
- Salmita Mine - 1983-1987 (gold)
- Colomac Mine - 1990-1992, 1994-1997 (gold)
Demographics
According to the 2001 Canadian census the 10 major
ethnic groups were:
Population of Northwest Territories since 1871{| class="wikitable"!Year!Population!five-year% change!ten-year% change!Rank among provincesand territories|-|1871 ||48,000 ||n/a ||n/a ||6|-|1881 ||56,446 ||n/a ||17.6 ||7|-|1891 ||98,967 ||n/a ||75.3 ||7|-|1901 ||20,129* ||n/a ||-79.7 ||11|-|1911 ||6,507** ||n/a ||-67.7 ||11|-|1921 ||8,143 ||n/a ||25.1 ||10|-|1931 ||9,316 ||n/a ||14.4 ||10|-|1941 ||12,028 ||n/a ||29.1 ||10|-|1951 ||16,004 ||n/a ||33.1 ||11|-|1956 ||19,313 ||20.7 ||n/a ||11|-|1961 ||22,998 ||19.1 ||43.7 ||11|-|1966 ||28,738 ||25.0 ||48.8 ||11|-|1971 ||34,805 ||21.1 ||51.3 ||11|-|1976 ||42,610 ||22.4 ||48.3 ||11|-|1981 ||45,740 ||7.3 ||31.4 ||11|-|1986 ||52,235 ||14.2 ||22.6 ||11|-|1991 ||57,649 ||10.3 ||26.0 ||11|-|1996 ||64,402 ||11.7 ||23.2 ||11|-|2001 ||37,360*** ||-42.0 ||-35.2 ||11|-|2006 ||41,464**** ||12.0 ||-35.0 ||11|}
*Note: Yukon Territory was ceded from Northwest Territories in 1898.**Note: Alberta and Saskatchewan were created from parts of Northwest Territories in 1905.***Note: Data through 1996 includes Nunavut. 2001 data does not include Nunavut.****Note: 2006 census data.Source: Statistics Canada Population urban and rural, by province and territory (Northwest Territories). Statistics Canada, 2005. Canada's population.
Statistics Canada. Last accessed September 28, 2006.
Language
French was made an official language in 1877 by the appointed government, after lengthy and bitter debate resulting from a speech from the throne in 1888 by Lt. Governor Joseph Royal. The members voted on more than one occasion to nullify and make English the only language used in the assembly. After some conflict with Ottawa and a decisive vote on January 19, 1892, the issue was put to rest as an English-only territory.
In the early
1980s, the government of Northwest Territories was again under pressure by the federal government to reintroduce French as an official language. Some native members walked out of the assembly, protesting that they would not be permitted to speak their own language. The executive council appointed a special committee of MLAs to study the matter. They decided that if French was to be an official language, then so must the other languages in the territories.
The Northwest Territories's Official Languages Act recognizes the following eleven official languages, which is more than any other political division in Canada:
NWT residents have a right to use any of the above languages in a territorial court and in debates and proceedings of the legislature. However, laws are legally binding only in their French and English versions, and the government only publishes laws and other documents in the territory's other official languages when the legislature asks it to. Furthermore, access to services in any language is limited to institutions and circumstances where there is significant demand for that language or where it is reasonable to expect it given the nature of the services requested. In reality, this means that English language services are universally available and there is no guarantee that other languages, including French, will be used by any particular government service except for the courts.
Culture
Aboriginal issues in Northwest Territories include the fate of the Dene who, in the 1940s, were employed to carry radioactive
uranium ore from the mines on Great Bear Lake. Their cancer rates skyrocketed due to lack of safety procedures that were available to their white colleagues.
Another issue is historic racial tension based on the bloody history between the Dene and the
Inuit, who nevertheless have taken recent steps towards reconciliation.
Land claims in NWT culminated with the creation of the Inuit homeland of
Nunavut, the result of the largest land claim in Canadian history.
Another land claims agreement with the Dogrib nation created a region within NWT called Tli Cho, between Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes, which will give the Dogrib their own legislative bodies, taxes, resource royalties, and other affairs, though NWT will still maintain control over such areas as health and education. This area includes two of Canada's three diamond mines at
Ekati Diamond Mine and
Diavik Diamond Mine.
See also
References
External links
- Government of Northwest Territories
- Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre
- Aurora College
- NWT Archives
- NWT Historical Timeline
- NWT Literacy Council
- Language Commissioner of Northwest Territories
- Lessons From the Land: interactive journeys of NWT traditional Aboriginal trails
- CBC Digital Archives - Northwest Territories: Voting in Canada's North
{{Infobox Province or territory of Canada| Name = Northwest Territories| AlternateName =
Territoires du Nord-Ouest| Fullname = Northwest Territories| EntityAdjective = Territorial| Flag = Flag of the Northwest Territories.svg| CoatOfArms = Coat of arms of Northwest Territories.png| Map = Northwest Territories-map.png| Label_map = no| Motto = none| OfficialLang =
Dene Suline language, Cree language, English language,
French language, Gwich’in language, Inuinnaqtun,
Inuktitut,
Inuvialuktun, Slavey language, Slavey language, Dogrib language Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988 (as amended 1988, 1991-1992, 2003)| Flower =
Dryas octopetala| Tree =
Tamarack Larch| Capital = [Yellowknife, Northwest Territories| LargestCity = Yellowknife| Premier =
Floyd Roland, no party affiliations| Viceroy = [Tony Whitford| AreaRank = 3rd| area_footnotes = Canada Census 2006| TotalArea_km2 = 1346106| LandArea_km2 = 1140835| WaterArea_km2 = 205271| PercentWater = 15.2| PopulationRank = 11th| Population = 42,637 (est.)| PopulationYear = 2007| DensityRank = 12th| Density_km2 = 0.037| GDP_year = 2006| GDP_total = C$4.103 billion Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory| GDP_rank = 11th| GDP_per_capita = C$97,923| GDP_per_capita_rank = 1st| AdmittanceOrder = 5th| AdmittanceDate = [1870 (Hudson's Bay Company cedes territory to Canada)]-7| HouseSeats = 1| SenateSeats = 1| ISOCode = CA-NT| Website = www.gov.nt.ca-->The
Northwest Territories (IPA: /
IPA chart for English/) (
NWT or
NT; French language,
les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a provinces and territories of Canada of Canada.
Located in northern Canada, it is east of
Yukon, west of Nunavut (Canada's two other territories), and north of British Columbia,
Alberta, and Saskatchewan. It has an area of and a population of 41,464 as of the Canada 2006 Census, an increase of 11.0% from 2001. Its capital has been Yellowknife, Northwest Territories since 1967.
Geographical features include the vast
Great Bear Lake and
Great Slave Lakes, as well as the immense Mackenzie River and the canyons of the
Nahanni National Park, a Canadian National Parks and UNESCO World Heritage Site. Territorial islands in the Canadian Arctic islands include Banks Island, Parry Peninsula,
Prince Patrick Island, and parts of Victoria Island and
Melville Island, Canada. The highest point is
Mount Nirvana near the border with Yukon at elevation 2,773 metres (9,098 ft).
History
The present-day territory was created in June 1870 in Canada, when the Hudson's Bay Company transferred Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory to the government of
Canada. This immense region comprised all of modern Canada except British Columbia, the coast of the Great Lakes (North America), the
Saint Lawrence River valley and the southern third of
Quebec, the
Maritimes, Newfoundland (island), and the
Labrador coast. It also excluded the
Canadian Arctic islands except the southern half of Baffin Island; these remained under direct British rule until 1880.
The name of the territory is traced to North-Western Territory, a region named for the geographical location relative to Rupert's Land.
After the transfer, the territories were gradually whittled away. The province of
Manitoba was created on
15 July 1870, a tiny square around Winnipeg, and then enlarged in 1881 to a rectangular region composing the modern province's south. By the time
British Columbia joined confederation on
20 July 1871, it had already (1866) been granted the portion of North-Western Territory south of 60 degrees north and west of 120 degrees west, an area that had comprised most of the Stikine Territory. In 1882,
Regina, Saskatchewan in the then-District of
Assiniboia became the territorial capital; after Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905, Regina became the provincial capital of the new province of Saskatchewan.
In 1876, the District of Keewatin, at the centre of the territory, was separated from it. In 1882 and again in
1896, the remaining portion was divided into the following districts (corresponding to the following modern-day areas):
Keewatin would be returned to NWT in 1905.
In the meantime, Ontario was enlarged northwestward in
1882. Quebec was also extended, in
1898, and
Yukon was made a separate territory in the same year to deal with the Klondike Gold Rush, and remove the NWT government from administering the sudden boom of population, economic activity and influx of non-Canadians.
The provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created in
1905, and Manitoba,
Ontario, and Quebec acquired the last of their modern territories from NWT in
1912. This left only the districts of Mackenzie, Franklin (which absorbed the remnants of Ungava in 1920), and Keewatin. In 1925, the boundaries of NWT were extended all the way to the North Pole on the sector principle, vastly expanding its territory onto the northern ice cap. The reduced Northwest Territories was not represented in the
Canadian House of Commons from
1907 until 1947 when the electoral district of
Yukon—Mackenzie River was created. This riding only included the
District of Mackenzie. The rest of the Northwest Territories had no representation in the House of Commons until the early 1960s when the
Northwest Territories (electoral district) was created in recognition of
Inuit having been given the
enfranchisement in 1953.
In 1912 the Government of Canada renamed the territory to Northwest Territories, dropping the
hyphenated form. Between 1925 and 1999, Northwest Territories measured – larger than
India.Finally, on April 1, 1999, the eastern three-fifths of Northwest Territories (including all of Keewatin district and much of Mackenzie and Franklin) became a separate territory called Nunavut.
There was some discussion of changing the name of Northwest Territories after the separation of Nunavut, possibly to a term from an Aboriginal language. One proposal was "Denendeh" ("our land" in
Dene). The idea was advocated by former premier Stephen Kakfwi among others. Also, a popular radio station began to promote changing the territory's name to "Bob". This idea appeared to have some popular support, but was never taken seriously by politicians (or probably even those who claimed to support it). In the end, as a poll conducted prior to division showed, strong support remained for retaining the name "Northwest Territories". This name arguably became more appropriate following division, than it was when the territory extended far into Canada's north
east. In
Inuktitut, Northwest Territories are referred to as ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᖅ (
Nunatsiaq), "beautiful land."
Government
As a territory, Northwest Territories has fewer rights than the
Provinces of Canada. During his term, Premier Kakfwi pushed to have the federal government accord more rights to the territory, including having a greater share of the returns from the territory's natural resources go to the territory. Devolution of powers to the territory was an issue in the Northwest Territories general election, 2003 in 2003, and has been ever since the territory began electing members in 1881.
The Commissioner of NWT is the chief executive and is appointed by the Governor-in-Council of Canada on the recommendation of the federal
Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (Canada). The position used to be more administrative and governmental but with the devolution of more and more powers to the elected assembly since 1967 the position has become symbolic. Since 1985 the Commissioner no longer chairs meetings of the Executive Council (or cabinet) and the federal government has instructed commissioners to behave like a provincial lieutenant-governor. Unlike lieutenant-governors, the commissioner is not a formal representative of the Queen of Canada.
Unlike provincial governments and the Yukon, the Government of Northwest Territories does not have political parties, except for the period between 1898 and 1905. It is a consensus government called the Legislative Assembly. This group is composed of one member elected from each of the nineteen constituencies. After each general election, the new parliament elects a premier and speaker by secret ballot. Seven MLAs are also chosen as cabinet ministers, with the remainder forming the opposition. The territory's
Northwest Territories general election, 2007 was on
October 1,
2007. The head of state for the territories is a List of Northwest Territories commissioners appointed by the federal government. The Commissioner had full governmental powers until 1980 when the territories were given greater self government. The legislature then began electing a cabinet and
Government Leader later known as the Premier.
The
Premier of Northwest Territories is Floyd Roland. The member of Parliament for
Western Arctic, the riding that comprises Northwest Territories, is Dennis Bevington. The Commissioner of Northwest Territories is
Tony Whitford.
Economy
The territory enjoys vast geological resources including
diamonds,
gold, and natural gas. In particular, NWT diamonds are touted as an ethical alternative that allays risks of supporting conflicts by purchasing blood diamonds. However, their exploitation has raised environmental concerns, not least the potential havoc that a spill from tailings ponds could cause to unspoiled wilderness areas.
The vast natural resources and relatively low population give Northwest Territories the highest per capita GDP of all provinces or territorites in Canada. In fact, its per capita GDP of C$97,923 would rank it first in the world if it were considered as its own country, well ahead of 2nd place Luxembourg (at approximately C$83,000 (nominal GDP)).
Major Territorial Mines
- Con Mine - 1938-2003 (gold)
- Giant Mine - 1948-2004 (gold)
- Ptarmigan and Tom Mine - 1941-1942, 1986-1997 (gold)
- Negus Mine - 1939-1952 (gold)
- Thompson-Lundmark Mine - 1941-1943, 1947-1949 (gold)
- Discovery Mine - 1950-1969 (gold)
- Camlaren Mine - 1962-1963, 1980-1981 (gold)
- Eldorado Mine - 1933-1940, 1942-1960, 1976-1982 (radium, uranium, silver, copper)
- Echo Bay Mine - 1964-1975 (silver and copper)
- Ekati Diamond Mine - 1998-current (diamonds)
- Diavik Diamond Mine - 2003-current (diamonds)
- Pine Point Mine - 1964-1988 (lead and zinc)
- Cantung Mine - 1962-1986, 2002-2003, 2005-current (tungsten)
- Rayrock Mine - 1957-1959 (uranium)
- Terra Mine - 1969-1985 (silver and copper)
- Tundra Mine - 1964-1968 (gold)
- Salmita Mine - 1983-1987 (gold)
- Colomac Mine - 1990-1992, 1994-1997 (gold)
Demographics
According to the 2001 Canadian census the 10 major
ethnic groups were:
Population of Northwest Territories since 1871{| class="wikitable"!Year!Population!five-year% change!ten-year% change!Rank among provincesand territories|-|1871 ||48,000 ||n/a ||n/a ||6|-|1881 ||56,446 ||n/a ||17.6 ||7|-|1891 ||98,967 ||n/a ||75.3 ||7|-|1901 ||20,129* ||n/a ||-79.7 ||11|-|1911 ||6,507** ||n/a ||-67.7 ||11|-|1921 ||8,143 ||n/a ||25.1 ||10|-|1931 ||9,316 ||n/a ||14.4 ||10|-|1941 ||12,028 ||n/a ||29.1 ||10|-|1951 ||16,004 ||n/a ||33.1 ||11|-|1956 ||19,313 ||20.7 ||n/a ||11|-|1961 ||22,998 ||19.1 ||43.7 ||11|-|1966 ||28,738 ||25.0 ||48.8 ||11|-|1971 ||34,805 ||21.1 ||51.3 ||11|-|1976 ||42,610 ||22.4 ||48.3 ||11|-|1981 ||45,740 ||7.3 ||31.4 ||11|-|1986 ||52,235 ||14.2 ||22.6 ||11|-|1991 ||57,649 ||10.3 ||26.0 ||11|-|1996 ||64,402 ||11.7 ||23.2 ||11|-|2001 ||37,360*** ||-42.0 ||-35.2 ||11|-|2006 ||41,464**** ||12.0 ||-35.0 ||11|}
*Note: Yukon Territory was ceded from Northwest Territories in 1898.**Note: Alberta and Saskatchewan were created from parts of Northwest Territories in 1905.***Note: Data through 1996 includes Nunavut. 2001 data does not include Nunavut.****Note: 2006 census data.Source: Statistics Canada Population urban and rural, by province and territory (Northwest Territories). Statistics Canada, 2005. Canada's population. Statistics Canada. Last accessed September 28, 2006.
Language
French was made an official language in 1877 by the appointed government, after lengthy and bitter debate resulting from a
speech from the throne in 1888 by Lt. Governor
Joseph Royal. The members voted on more than one occasion to nullify and make English the only language used in the assembly. After some conflict with Ottawa and a decisive vote on
January 19,
1892, the issue was put to rest as an English-only territory.
In the early
1980s, the government of Northwest Territories was again under pressure by the federal government to reintroduce French as an official language. Some native members walked out of the assembly, protesting that they would not be permitted to speak their own language. The executive council appointed a special committee of MLAs to study the matter. They decided that if French was to be an official language, then so must the other languages in the territories.
The Northwest Territories's Official Languages Act recognizes the following eleven
official languages, which is more than any other political division in Canada:
NWT residents have a right to use any of the above languages in a territorial court and in debates and proceedings of the legislature. However, laws are legally binding only in their French and English versions, and the government only publishes laws and other documents in the territory's other official languages when the legislature asks it to. Furthermore, access to services in any language is limited to institutions and circumstances where there is significant demand for that language or where it is reasonable to expect it given the nature of the services requested. In reality, this means that English language services are universally available and there is no guarantee that other languages, including French, will be used by any particular government service except for the courts.
Culture
Aboriginal issues in Northwest Territories include the fate of the Dene who, in the 1940s, were employed to carry radioactive uranium ore from the mines on
Great Bear Lake. Their cancer rates skyrocketed due to lack of safety procedures that were available to their white colleagues.
Another issue is historic racial tension based on the bloody history between the Dene and the
Inuit, who nevertheless have taken recent steps towards reconciliation.
Land claims in NWT culminated with the creation of the Inuit homeland of Nunavut, the result of the largest land claim in Canadian history.
Another land claims agreement with the Dogrib nation created a region within NWT called
Tli Cho, between Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes, which will give the Dogrib their own legislative bodies, taxes, resource royalties, and other affairs, though NWT will still maintain control over such areas as health and education. This area includes two of Canada's three diamond mines at
Ekati Diamond Mine and Diavik Diamond Mine.
See also
References
External links
- Government of Northwest Territories
- Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre
- Aurora College
- NWT Archives
- NWT Historical Timeline
- NWT Literacy Council
- Language Commissioner of Northwest Territories
- Lessons From the Land: interactive journeys of NWT traditional Aboriginal trails
- CBC Digital Archives - Northwest Territories: Voting in Canada's North
Northwest Territories - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Northwest Territories (IPA: /ˌnɔrθˌwɛstˈtɛrɨtɔriz/) (NWT or NT; French, les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a territory of Canada. Located in northern Canada, it borders ...
Government of the Northwest Territories - Home Page
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